Wilkinson Hardware Stores Ltd - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3392 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Company History Wilkinson Hardware Stores Ltd. is a family-owned general merchandiser in the UK founded by J. K. Wilkinson in 1930. From its humble beginning as a small hardware shop in Leicester, the company has grown into one of the leading retailers in the UK with ? 2 billion turnover, 22,000-employees, and about 350 stores across England, Wales and Scotland. The company’s growth over the years has been driven by the simple philosophy of selling quality goods at discount prices, and putting customers at the heart of everything they do. To remain competitive, Wilkinson Hardware has been constantly developing strategies to respond to changing customers needs. The company has evolved from a small local hardware store to focus on DIY products, and then started selling groceries supermarket goods, followed by the launching the Wilko brand, and eventually expanded its product range beyond its traditional hardware and DIY market to over 25,000 items. Wilkinson now sells a wide range of DIY, garden, homewares, office, pet, health and beauty products both in store and through WilkinsonPlus. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Wilkinson Hardware Stores Ltd" essay for you Create order Current Strategies Wilkinson’s vision and strategies have been built on its core philosophy of giving people good quality goods for good price. To manage its competitive environment, the current strategy stems from its core ‘generic’ strategy of cost leadership (Porter), but with the combination of beyond-cost approaches. Alternatively, according to Bowman’s Strategy Clock, we can say that the company is deploying the hybrid strategy, which includes low cost base and reinvestment in low price and differentiation. The company positioned itself as a ‘high street’ value retailer which is committed to provide customers with quality products, value for money, and friendly service. The company’s rapid growth over the last 10 years proves that the company has succeeded in delivering low prices for customers whilst building differentiation on the basis of its broad product range and good customer service. Value As part of its continued efforts keep costs low and remain a price leader, Wilkinson invests in its people, logistics, and information technology to reduce costs and improve efficiency. It also develops its private label, ‘Wilko Everyday Value’ brand to create more value for its customers by providing quality products at everyday low prices. Wilkinson’s own branded goods are now an important source of revenue (? 640m) and account for as much as 35. 9% of its sales. Quality Wilkinson regularly reviews its quality management systems to ensure that customers are offered the best quality at the lowest price possible. This commitment to quality is also reflected in the Wilko Brand. Customers can be assured that they are buying high quality products at a value for money price with the Wilko Brand quality seal on their products. Customer-centric approach and good service Wilkinson’s philosophy has remained the same over the years and its success has been attributed to its commitment of providing customers with an ultimate shopping experience. Apart from being conveniently located at the center-of-town, the company invests in its people and train its people to serve customers quickly, accurately, and with a smile. Community To inspire loyalty and improve its image in the hearts of the community, the company stood firm to its five corporate values – Be passionate, Pull together, Build trust, Show we care, Shape the future. Apart from ‘putting customers at the heart of everything we do’, Wilkinson is also giving back to the communities via various programmes and local charitable causes. Strategies for 2010 and beyond In conjunction with Wilkinson’s 80th anniversary, the company rolled-out of a re-branding programme with new ‘Look and Feel’ in year 2010 to overhaul its identity. Under this initiative, Wilkinson revamped its logo and changed the store formats to create a cleaner and more appealing visual identity. The rebranding of Wilkinson stores with the new theme is expected to refresh and modernized its image in this competitive environment. These new modernized store formats together with the introduction of the strapline â€Å"The home of family value† aims to reemphasize its hybrid strategy and also differentiate itself from competitors like Asda and Morrisons that Wilkinson is not just a value retailer, it also strives to provide quality products with broad range and good service. Growth Diversification Despite the tough economic conditions and intense competition from other low-price retailers, Wilkinson is still growing rapidly through the diversification strategy (Ansoff growth matrix) by entering new markets and continuously expanding its product range based on customer needs. The company continues to increase its market share by opening an average of 20 new stores each year and expanded its business into the Scottish market. Wilkinson’s growth in 2010 is further enhanced by Woolworths’ demise. It is also improving its sourcing by reaching out to the Far East through Wilkinson Asia in Hong Kong. Wilkinson has also redesigned its website (wilkinsonplus. com) to enhance its user-friendliness and features more products to reach out to more online customers. WilkoPlus is growing rapidly and has over 15 million visits so far. ? Environmental Analysis and Impact on Wilkinson’s Strategy We will use the PESTEL framework to analyze how the macroeconomic, social, technological, and environmental factors that is affecting Wilkinson’s strategy. Porter’s Five Forces framework is used to identify industry-specific factors that have influenced its strategy. PESTEL Framework Economic In 2010, the UK retail industry continues to struggle from the impact of the recession due to negative factors like rising unemployment, falling disposable incomes, rise in VAT, increasing savings ratio, and depressed housing market. The housing market is the key driver for hardware, household, DIY and garden products. Demand for new houses has dropped following the tightening of mortgage approval and this has resulted in the shrinking of the homewares DIY industry. The tough economic conditions are also changing the way consumers spend. UK consumers are becoming much more cautious about their spending. Rather than spending money on non-essential items, household incomes are diverted to payback debts and increase savings. At difficult times like this, consumers would appreciate more great deals and good value for money. Therefore, companies that offer broad range of products and put heavy emphasis on low prices like Wilkinson, Asda, and Tesco were still able to deliver sales growth and continue to increase their market share despite the gloomy economy climate. Another key strategy that has helped Wilkinson go through the tough times was the investment in Wilkinson’s own branded goods, ‘Wilko’. Wilkinson worked hard to keep cost low and provide broader range of products at low prices to attract price sensitive customers. Apart from driving sales through various promotional activities to attract customers to choose Wilkinson, the company also introduced the strapline â€Å"The home of family value† that stresses its commitment to give customers value for money. Social The DIY sector has been declining for some time due to the change in consumer attitudes and spending priorities. Consumers’ interest in DIY has been waning and their willingness and ability to take on home improvement projects has diminished. Table 2) They would rather get someone in to undertake the work and therefore reducing the need for them to make DIY purchases. In response to this decline, Wilkinson is putting its priority on expanding its product range based on customers’ needs. For example, the company re-launched two key departments in 2009, Home and Health Beauty. Nowadays, comp any’s corporate social responsibilities policies are particularly important to community stakeholders such as local communities, consumers, and pressure groups. It is crucial for retailers to continuously improve its CSR performance and engage local community to improve its reputation. Wilkinson has done a lot in 2010 to improve its relationship with local communities who have helped the company to grow over the years. Several community schemes were introduced and the company will fundraise and support a major charity for a year annually. The company also taking many other initiatives to improve its CSR, such as invest in its team members; improve environmental performance and sustainability, and establishing unique relationship and being fair with suppliers and sourcing. Technological Over the last decade, online retailing has been driven by the growth in internet penetration and website interactivity features. On top of that, new devices with online access such as Smartphones and the iPad is expected to boost online sales as they provide new and convenient avenues for online shopping. Therefore, online retailing growth rates are expected to continue to be higher than in-store rates. (Table 1) Wilkinson has responded to these technological advancements by re-launching its website in 2010 and includes more features to leverage multichannel capabilities and enhance online shopping experience. The new website focuses on four areas – range, price, convenience, service. WilkinsonPlus. com website offers 80,000 products including big ticket items that are not available in Wilkinson stores. Customers can also use the interactive online catalogue to find out latest deals and exclusive offers online. Besides, Wilkinson’s new home design website creates more interactive experience to engage customers. In terms of leveraging multichannel capabilities, customers can order through the website or phone and collect in-store for free. To keep up with the increased use of systems and technology along the supply chain, Wilkinson introduced a new replenishment system called Customer Pulled Replenishment (CPR) to improve product availability for customer, reduce stockholding and operating costs. Environmental As previously mentioned, environmental sustainability is one of the main aspects for company’s CSR. Consumers are increasingly aware about the impact of production activities on the environment and are now expecting companies to reduce their environmental footprint. Many companies are going ‘green’ to differentiate themselves from their competitors and build their reputation as a ‘green’ company. Wilkinson has also made several efforts to minimise the impact of their activities on the environment. The company is committed to reducing, reusing, and recycling waste across all aspects of the business from sourcing, transporting, to selling of its products. ? Porter’s Five Forces Bargaining Power of Buyers (Customers) Wilkinson’s target market is mainly individual customers. Due to the wide range of customers it caters to, the company face significant competition from many other retailers in the homewares, DIY and garden sector. As competition intensifies among retailers, customers have low switching costs and can switch easily between retailers. Online retailing is also increasing buyers’ power because price transparency on the internet enables consumers to compare prices between different retailers without even stepping into the stores. As mentioned earlier, consumers are more cautious with their spending due to the recession and would appreciate great deals with good value for money. Therefore, retailers have to work harder to optimise their performance. Wilkinson managed to capture customers’ loyalty by striving in two main success factors – broad range and competitive price. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Wilkinson relies on numerous suppliers to produce Wilko brand products. Over the past years, Wilkinson’s success and growth has been achieved through a unique relationship with its suppliers and sourcing agents. Like many other major retailers and supermarket chains in the UK, Wilkinson has the power to adopt a more aggressive approach to negotiate trading terms with its small suppliers. For example, some suppliers were asked for substantial cash contributions towards Wilkinson’s ambitious growth strategy. Globalisation has further reduced suppliers’ power because companies can source their products from new suppliers in other parts of the world, wherever is cheaper. Wilkinson set up Wilkinson Asia in Hong Kong to source for best value products from the Far East. Competitive Rivalry New Entrants Competition is intensifying in the homewares, DIY and garden products sector because increasing numbers of competitors are turning to Superstores format and sell broader range of goods. This has widened the scope and scale of the industry, resulting in overlapping of industries. Wilkinson diversified its product range beyond the hardware and DIY market. According to Verdict’s research, the company is categorized under two major sectors – Homewares, DIY Garden. Wilkinson is competing with the Big 4 DIY specialists (BQ, Focus, Homebase, Wickes), general merchandisers (Argos), grocers (Tesco, Asda), home furnishing retailers (IKEA), large homeware retailers (Dunelm Mill), and Poundland. Low entry barriers for new entrants such as TK Maxx and the arrival of Swedish based chain Clas Ohlson are also increasing competitive pressures. Moreover, the industry is overcrowded resulting in shake out of weaker competitors such as Woolworths. Wilkinson’s is fending off threats from rivalry and possible substitutes by implementing strategies to revamp the look of its stores to shift consumers’ perceptions of its brand and value away from down-market to mainstream. It is also improving sourcing practice to counter the economy downturn. ? Balanced Scorecard (Figure 3) Balanced scorecard is a multi-dimensional strategic management accounting system that translates an organization’s mission and strategy into a comprehensive set of performance measures that provides a framework for strategic measurement and management systems. (Kaplan Norton 1996) The balanced scorecard translates the Wilkinson’s vision and strategy into a coherent and linked set of understandable, measurable, and balanced targets. It views the company from four perspectives – financial, customer, internal processes, learning and growth. We will use the strategy map to show a step-by-step connection between trategic objectives in the form of a cause-and-effect chain (Kaplan Norton, 1996). Wilkinson’s vision is â€Å"to inspire loyalty beyond reason by confidently providing what people need, when they need it, through our people, delivering instinctive service and irresistible value, in the heart of the community†. We can translate the company†™s objectives into four perspectives: †¢Financial: Maximise shareholders’ wealth †¢Customer: Inspire loyalty; providing what people need †¢Internal process: Deliver instinctive service irresistible value in the heart of the community †¢Learning growth: Through our people By improving performance in the learning and growth perspective, Wilkinson will be able to improve its objectives in the internal process perspective. This will then enable the company to create desirable results in the customer and financial perspectives. Financial Perspective (How should we appear to our shareholders? ) The main objective of every business is to maximise shareholders’ wealth and increase profits. Shareholders are concerned with many aspects of the financial performance and Wilkinson should implement strategies that are in line with this goal. Financial performance can be measured by using ROCE, economic value added, growth, etc. For instance, the increase of operating profit by 99% in 2010 reflects the success of Wilkinson’s cost reducing strategies undertaken last year. Wilkinson’s growth strategy can be measured by the number of new stores opening and increase in market share. Customer Perspective (How do customers perceive the firm? ) This perspective analyses the degree of customer satisfaction and the processes used to deliver products and services to customers. Wilkinson’s vision is to inspire customer loyalty by providing what people need, when they need it. Customer loyalty in the homewares and DIY garden sector are driven by several key factors – quality, range, price, convenience, and service. Wilkinson will need to keep its customers satisfied to gain their loyalty. When customers are satisfied, they will keep coming back to shop. Therefore, Wilkinson can measure the success of the new ‘Look and Feel’ rebranding programme in attracting more customers by looking at the number of visitors to its stores, repeat purchases, UK Consumer Satisfaction Index, and customer loyalty index. Market share can also be used to measure the growth that Wilkinson has achieved from the continued increase in store numbers and how the company has benefited from the demise of Woolworths. As for online customers, customer loyalty will depend on the reliability, timely delivery, and convenience of using WilkinsonPlus. com. Wilkinson can measure these by looking at number of online visitors, number of goods return, and on time deliveries. Internal Business Process Perspective (What internal processes must we excel at? This perspective is concerned with assessing the quality of people and processes. Wilkinson’s vision is to deliver instinctive service irresistible value in the heart of the community. Wilkinson can measure whether it is delivering irresistible value for its customers by comparing the price of its products against other competitors. Wilkinson can measure how the new replenishment system (CPR) is creating value for its customers by measuring the cost savings that can be passed on to customers from reduced stockholding and operating costs. The company can also measure how the CPR system is helping Wilkinson to deliver instinctive service for its customers by looking at frequency of stock run outs at the shelves, system downtime at the EPOS, and shorter till lines. Wilkinson is focusing on improving its sourcing by setting up Wilkinson Asia in Hong Kong to source from the Far East. The company can measure how effective this strategy is helping the company to drive efficiency and cut costs by looking at the profit margins and unit costs. The company has also invested in its people and strive to make Wilkinson a great place to work. The ‘Be A Star Awards’ is a good measure to reward and encourage team members to provide good service to customers. Wilkinson needs to ensure that good corporate social responsibility (CSR) is performed across every aspects of the business. The company is currently measuring its environmental footprint through reduced packaging, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. Another measure that can be used is the use of plastic bags. The company can also measure its CSR performance in supporting local communities by looking at the amount of donation contributed and the number of charity causes that have benefited. Learning and growth (How will we sustain our ability in innovation, change and improvement) This perspective is concerned with how the company can constantly improve itself to create value in the future. The most important asset for the company is its people. Therefore the company has invested in its people to ensure that they grow and develop with the company. This can be measured by looking at the number of staff training provided and the number of employees that have been trained under the Emerging Leaders Programme. In terms of innovation and improving every aspects of the business, the company can also measure the impact of the ‘in the loop’ initiative by looking at the number of employees’ suggestions and feedback that have been received. ? Benchmarking We will now evaluate how benchmarking can be used together with the balanced scorecard to enhance the company’s competitiveness. Balanced scorecard identifies performance measures for each of the four perspectives, but by solely looking at those measures, Wilkinson cannot evaluate how well it is performing and how successful its strategy is. Therefore, benchmarking helps the company to evaluate its current position in relation to ‘best practice’ within the industry or even beyond the industry to learn from other companies and identify areas of performance improvement. Competitive benchmarking Wilkinson is trying to escape the downmarket image by introducing the new ‘Look and Feel’ format in its new stores. To achieve this, the company is focusing more on broadening its product range. Therefore, it can benchmark its in-store and online product offerings for the homeware sector against Dunelm Mill and Debenhams. To enhance price competitiveness for ‘Wilko’ brand, Wilkinson can benchmark its product prices against Asda and Tesco. The strategy of putting price comparison directly with other retailers on the price tags can attract customers. Wilkinson can also provide price comparison on WilkinsonPlus. com like what Asda is doing on its website through ‘Asda Price Guarantee’. Best-in-class benchmarking Wilkinson can benchmark the effectiveness of its online sales delivery against Amazon’s delivery time and strive to improve the features on WilkinsonPlus. om Wilkinson can improve staff retention and HR policies and by benchmarking itself against RPS Group Plc (Britain’s Top Employer for 2010). Limitations of balanced scorecard and benchmarking Even though balanced scorecard and benchmarking is said to be able to help company achieve its strategy and enhance competition, it can be time consuming and costly. Sensitive information especially those regarding o ther company’s internal operations and processes may be hard to obtain. Besides, innovation is often the key for extraordinary performance. By merely measuring what the company is already doing against best practice will result in constant catching-up and does not stimulate innovation. Conclusion We have used the PESTEL framework and Porter’s Five Forces to analyse Wilkinson’s external and assessed that the company’s hybrid strategy that focuses on offering broad range of products at low prices has helped the company to maintain profitability despite the challenging economic climate. Last but not least, we have evaluated how the balanced scorecard and benchmarking tools can help Wilkinson achieve its strategy and enhance its competitiveness.

The Theme of Evilness in The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay

The Theme of Evilness in The Crucible by Arthur Miller In any type of society there is evil. Evil lives amongst us all, sometimes in the people you would least suspect. Everybody in The Crucible has sinned in some way, except for Rebecca Nurse. The play almost certainly starts off with an element of evil. The people of Salem are puritans, so if it were known that a group of girls were dancing naked and attempting to conjure up any spells in a forest, it would certainly be thought of as evil. This is exactly what Abigail and the other girls were doing, however Abigail did admit to dancing, but she did not admit to witchcraft. Parris is understandably upset, your punishment will come in its†¦show more content†¦Lust ~ Abigail posses lust for John Proctor, You loved me then and you do now! Abigail tries to manipulate Proctor with her animal type language, Sweated like a stallion whenever I came near! Proctor blames himself for Abbys lust for him. On the other hand, Elizabeth blames herself for Johns lechery, cold house I kept, she thought she lacked affection, she asked for forgiveness, and holds herself responsible for Abigails lust. Envy - Abigail is envious of John Proctors wife Elizabeth Proctor, Oh I marvel how much a strong man may let such a sickly wife be. Abigail is the person who started the initial accusation of witchcraft. It is a deliberate act when she accuses Tituba, it is very well calculated and believable. I always hear her laughing in my sleep. Her friends help her because they are so frightened of what she might do. Abigail might be a bully, but she is indeed very clever. She ceased on the opportunity to call witchcraft on Elizabeth, when Mary Warren was making a puppet in court. She knew that Mary had put the needle she was using into the doll for safe keeping. Soon afterwards reverend Hale and Cheever visited the proctor residence. They reported that,Show MoreRelatedThemes of Pride and Integrity in The Crucible Essay666 Words   |  3 PagesThe Crucible was not widely accepted when it was originally released. The literature was Arthur Millers response to McCarthyism and the Red Scare. During the play Abigail Williams accuses most of Salem of being a witch. This leads to mass hysteria within the town. Which in turn leads to Reverend Parris bringing Reverend John Hale to Salem. Hale is there to sort out and get rid of any presence of the Devil. There is a multitude of themes in The Crucible by Arthur Miller. These range any whereRead MoreCaptivating Characters in Macbeth and The Crucible1024 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth and The Crucible nbsp; For a play to meet with success, it is essential that it include a cast of interesting and captivating characters. Without interesting characters, the audience would not only be confused by each unimportant character, but possibly puzzled by the plot, disinterested in the theme and ideas, and worst of all, bored by the entire story. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; For instance, in The Crucible by Arthur Miller, we take an immediateRead MoreEssay on The Dramatic Intensity of The Crucible’s Courtroom Scene4462 Words   |  18 Pagesdevelop and how Arthur miller unfolds the plot to keep the reader interested and how emotion and feelings dictate the movements of the play. The Crucible is set against the backdrop of the mad hunts of the Salem witch trials in the late 17th century. It is about a town, after accusations from a few girls, which begins a mad hunt for witches that did not exist. Many towns’ people were hanged on charges for of witchcraft. Miller brings out the absurdity of the incident with the theme of truth andRead More The Moral of Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay3017 Words   |  13 PagesThe Moral of Arthur Millers The Crucible In the 17th century a group of Puritans from England immigrated to America to escape persecution for their religious beliefs. The white settlers arrived in New England in 1620, and Salem, Massachusetts had been in existence for about forty years by 1692. Salem developed as a theocracy. This was based on the coexistence of religious prayer and hard work. Entertainment, such as dancing, or any enjoyment at all was perceived as a sin. The isolation

Plow Man Free Essays

The short story â€Å"Plow Man† (2004), written by Jessica Grant, is included in the collection â€Å"Making Light of Tragedy†. This collection’s title is significant for Grant’s story because the narrator gravitates to comedy to deal with both the guilt and sadness he is feeling. This essay will take a deeper look into the situations where comedy is used as a coping mechanism to deal with the narrator’s guilty conscience including how he deals with the conflict of the wind and snow, the projection of his negative attitude onto others and his inability to let go of the material things still tying him to Jenny. We will write a custom essay sample on Plow Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now The narrator uses comedy as a coping mechanism to help alleviate the guilt felt since losing his wife. Throughout â€Å"Plow Man† the narrator is struggling to ward away guilty feelings since his wife, Jenny, has passed. His remorse is conveyed in a humoristic manner, particularly when proceeding to take on the elements. The narrator amusingly views the winter setting as a villainous system, one that he feels is overpowering and out of his control. To relieve his guilt, the narrator plays a victim to the winter storm, instead of taking control and shovelling his driveway. The reader is able to view the comedic flair of the narrator, as he challenges the storm, by stating, â€Å"It aims for your chest. It picks a fight. If I’m inside, it unleashes its fury on the driveway†¦Come out here†¦ No. Fuck you† (95). The reader’s overview of the situation, knowing a blizzard does not consciously take out frustrations on people, creates the entertaining conflict. However, by forfeiting control of the situation, the narrator is able to reduce the guilt that he feels for not shovelling. Assisting in criminal behavior by slashing tires is another representation how the narrator relieves his guilt in a comedic way. He views the plow men as outlaws that are continuously burying him in snow, inhibiting his ability to get to his wife. The narrator describes the plows as â€Å"yellow-jawed monsters† (99), which is an absurd concept, as the lifeless plows are simply driven by men who are doing their jobs. The narrator is able to alleviate guilt associated with not being able to get to his wife by supporting the destruction of the vehicle that he foolishly believes is burying him in snow on purpose. The cell phone bill resembles the narrator’s final physical tie to Jenny. As one of her last requests, Jenny asked that he promised to keep her cell phone with her in case there’s a chance she needed to contact him. The narrator realizes that this request is unreasonable; however, he feels bligated to respect the request of his deceased wife. In a conversation between a Sprint representative and the narrator, he recognizes the hilarity of the situation â€Å"I’d like to leave it open indefinitely. Which started me laughing again† (96). The narrator makes the decision to maintain his wife’s wishes, knowing that he will constantly be tormented by the monthly phone bill. However, he would rather sacrifice his own well-being, than face the guilt that he would experience if he was to terminate his wife’s cellphone account. In conclusion, throughout the â€Å"Plow Man† written by Jessica Grant, comedy is used to relieve the narrator’s guilt through the difficult conditions he is facing. The reader witnesses an attempt to alleviate guilt using humor in situations that include, the snow storm, slashing the tires of the plow men and the narrator’s inability to cancel Jenny’s cell phone in order to fulfill his promise to her. Works Cited Grant, Jessica. â€Å"Plow Man. † Making Light of Tragedy. Erin, ON: The Porcupine’s Quill, 2004. How to cite Plow Man, Papers

Management Accounting at J Sainsbury Plc - Solution

Question: Describe about the Management Accounting at J Sainsbury Plc? Answer: Introduction This paper described the various aspect finance function. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the finance function in the specific organization. This paper covers the tradition role, financial and non-financial challenges and calculation of working capital in the J Sainsbury plc organization. This paper enables to improve the finance condition to serve better management. Indeed, finance function is economy theory that advised by the Abba P Lerner that look to eliminate economic insecurity during the Second World War. Finance function theory doesnt believe that government should balance their budgets. Traditional roles of the finance function Tradition role of the finance function is communicating information to managers and shareholders to present in monetary terms such as payables, receivables, payroll and the relationship with the bank. In the recent times, role of the finance function has been under scrutiny. It focuses on detail and more data which doesnt give valid information for better business decision. Changes in the finance functions are organized and the key role requires new structure, contribution and new relationships. The business will focus to finance function to handle and raised regulation and complexity of the organization. Finance functions are able to maintain accountability and performance measure. The key role of the finance functions are investment in equipment, buy alternatives, product or service validity and performance of the whole system. Finance executives in the large UK organizations have investigated the role of finance that elements impacting the future of the finance function and proble ms to change. (Bonham, Langdon, 2013) On the other hand, the finance function is expanding an enabler across the firms function and value chain, cost management, process design, corporate governance, resource allocation and risk monitoring. In this environment, finance should deal with larger volumes of data and greater complexity while decreasing its prices. The financial and non-financial challenges People have faced many challenges when the planned about their financial and non-financial situation. These are financial challenges that are described below: Lack of time and knowledge: When people planned their financial condition they faced lack of knowledge and time problems. People dont know that how to manage their financial position. Due to routine activity, they are unable to give time for their financial position and they are also not an expert about financial management that how to divide their investment between stocks, cash and bond based on your time frame and personal comfort that directly affects the financial function of the organization. (Davidson, 2013) Overwhelm with debt: Debt is the main problem for financial success most of people. The money management strategy helps to overcome from debt. If people have lot of debt burden then it will be difficult for the person growth and development. So, debt reduces person success in the society or community. It is the sign of relation with financial function. If your credit not good and retirement plan money is only option for manage your future security and if you will take big loan. Then, it would increase your debt amount. Lack of saving: Most of people belong to middle class category those have lack of saving so it is difficult to save enough. People are unable to save money then how they will invest. Saving is about prioritization. Saving plays an important role in the perspective of investment. Lack of saving affects investment plan of a specific country. (Davidson, 2013) Money saves helps to raise GDP growth of the country. If GDP will grow then people living of standard will be raised constantly. GDP is the symbol of country growth and development. Lack of saving destroys the financial strength of the people. Further, non-financial challenges are following below: Cost and time: This is very significant challenges of the non-financial that affect financial function. Without cost estimate we are unable to judge financial condition of the organization. (Ittner, Larcker, 2000) Lack of statistical reliability: It is main challenges for non-financial that affects the financial function of the organization. (Ittner, Larcker, 2000) The finance function adapted the challenges to serve better management Indeed, business partnering, talent management, business intelligence, outsourcing, benchmarking the solutions put further to raise effective finance function. We think that confidence in selecting the best class can be achieved by only analyzing finance functions. In this paper we suggest a model that helps managers carry out this investigation. Our objective of the work is to help finance employees and their advisors in their role of contributing to firms success. To achieve this objective, it required a broad understanding of finance functions. These kinds of understanding supports to manager anticipate and adapt to change as they wanted to develop as effective finance departments. This paper also serves to managers relationship between finance activities and internal tension and challenges that faced by finance employees. Growing our knowledge of finance functions is a current process that the model supports to facilitate. Moreover, this model is a complex set of interrelationshi ps. We will definitely understand the finance function and how it supports to firms success. So, this paper objective is to provide a practical technique and reference material. This provides guide and checklist to ensure issues, contextual and relevant activities. Based on this managers can raise tailored solution that suit own unique circumstances. Finance function has potential to adapt challenges in the organization and helps to provide better management quality in the organization. Further, these are following finance function that will help to explain how finance function adapt challenges to provide better management services that are described below: Investment decision: The significant finance function is to allocate capital to log term assets. It is very important to allocate capital in long term assets therefore to get maximum yield in future. It is also called as capital budgeting. It is not only includes allocating capital but also includes decision of using funds that are collected by assets that become less productive and profitable. An opportunity cost of capital desire to estimate when you are dissolving like assets. The cut off rate is estimated by rate of return (RRR). So, its future is not certain because there is lot of problems in estimation of expected return. Therefore, they adopted two kinds of investment decision that appraisal of new investment in terms of profitability and comparison between new investment and prevailing investment. However, risk factor plays an important role in the estimating the expected return of the prospective investment. So, when we believing investment decision, it is significant to ta ke both risk involved and expected return. Investment decision is very helpful to provide better management facility in the perspective of finance function because it raise the people saving and provide proper guideline to safe investment for future life security. Without proper investment we cant get good return in the specific period. Financial decision: This is another significant function that a financial manager must perform. It is able to take good decision about where, when and how should a business acquire funds. The market value of the organization will maximize so optimum capital system would be achieved. On the other hand, equity and debt and there are variety of tools that are used in deciding an organization capital structure. The mixture of equity and debt is also called as the organization capital structure. Financial structure said that its aim to maximize shareholders return with lower risk. Debt and return of a shareholder is risky it may raise the return of equity funds. Without a good financial decision, it would be difficult to growth and development in the business. However, financial decision makes a manager stronger as compare to other and it is helpful to business succeed. If manager will take wrong decision as well as finance concern then it would harm organization management strategy. Dividend decision: Gain or positive return is a common objective of all the business. But the main function a financial manager performs in regard of profitability to decide to distribute all profit to stakeholder. Financial managers have rights to decide a maximum dividend policy that increases the market value of the organization. Therefore, maximum dividend payout ratio is estimated. It is normal rule to pay yearly dividends, if organization gets profit and other way is to issue bonus share to existing shareholder. Through dividend decision, finance function has tried to adapt these challenges to provide better management services in the organization. Different companies pay different dividend scheme to attract their shareholder in the organization. However, sometimes companies pay dividend to attract shareholder while they havent strong financial condition but they announced dividend scheme. Dividend can be announced on the basis of half-yearly and yearly. Indeed, dividend decisi on defines the classification of earning between retained earnings and payments of shareholders. it is a scheme that management formulates in the perspective to earnings for distribution as dividend within shareholders. It is significant part of current corporate world. Liquidity decision: This is significant to maintain a liquidity position of the organization to avoid bankruptcy or financial condition. Firm liquidity, risk and profitability are linked with the investment in present assets. Current assets must value and disposed on time once they become non-profit organization. Current assets must use times of bankruptcy and time of liquidity trouble. In the process of maintain to tradeoff between liquidity and profitability, it is significant to invest enough funds in the current assets. Sometimes managers need to take contingency decision to handle conflict or dispute. Then, liquidity decision skill helps to manager to adapt the challenges to serve better management. Indeed, liquidity relate to organization skills to pay its current expenses and bills. Liquidity is availability of cash, short term debt and other liabilities. Many firms require the certain degree of liquidity to pay their bills on time, but new firms are not very liquid. However, liquidity decision plays an important role in the organization because organization must take some contingency decision so liquidity factor helps the manager to take good decision as well as stakeholder perspective. Through this kinds of decision raise the organization growth and development and it is essential for the organization succeed. Working capital Sainsbury finance function can support management Indeed, working capital is an evaluation of a firms short term liquidity or its potential to cover short term liabilities. It is explained as difference within current assets and current liabilities. It is evaluation of company efficiency and operating liquidity. Further, working capital depends on how much of current debt the firm is carrying on its balance sheet that may be positive or negative. Small working capital is the sign of lack of fund necessary for development. It presents that if the organization has sufficient liquid resource to satisfy operation expenditure. Calculation of working capital of J Sainsbury plc (million) Working Capital = current assets-current liabilities Working Capital 1,973.00 current assets 4,369.00 current liabilities 2,396.00 (Source: J Sainsbury plc, 2015) J Sainsbury plc Finance Function is determined as the activities includes in managing cash that exist through business. Sainsbury finance function includes some basic function that can support management. These finance functions are financing, financial management, corporate governance, capital budgeting and risk management. First, financing function of Sainsbury Company includes increasing capital to help a firm operation and investment scheme. It is called as capital structure that includes the mix of debt and equity securities which maximize the organization market value. (Graham, Smart, 2011) Young and small firm increase equity capital from their friends, family and investor such as venture capitalists. Second, financial management of Sainsbury is to ensure that organization has sufficient fund on hand to help regular operations. It includes paying supplier, obtaining seasonal financing, collection from customers and investing surplus cash. Financial activities require not only analytical and technical skills, but also people skills. This activity includes maintaining relationship, building, supplier and leaders. Third, corporate governance of the Sainsbury Company includes incentive and growing organization structure that affects managers to behave ethically and made decision that benefit shareholders. Sainsbury corporate governance system is tough to develop in practice because the incentive of managers, stockholder and other conflict among stakeholder. The organization stockholder desire managers to work hard and protect interest of shareholders that could support the management of Sainsbury Company. Managers desire to raise the wealth of owners, but they wanted to protect their own jobs. (Graham, Smart, 2011) Fourth, capital budgeting of the Sainsbury Company also known as investment function that includes choosing appropriate projects in that to invest the organization funds based on their expected risk. Due to large scale of capital investment and prosper in a competitive economy it is very critical function of Sainsbury Company. Sainsbury must divide investment level in small scale to manage better. Otherwise, it can harm organization growth and development. Fifth, risk management of Sainsbury Company includes measuring and managing the organization demonstration to all kinds of risk to maintain an optimal risk return. So, it maximizes share value of Sainsbury Company. It could support the management because it is capable to identify, measuring and managing the risk return of the organization. The organization can reduce the risk through diversifying. (Graham, Smart, 2011) Although, organization risk management practices concentrate on market driver risk who work as part of the organization treasury employee. Sainsbury finance functions could support the management because it has potential to manage risk factor in the organization through evaluating maximum risk return. Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it can be concluded that clear traditional roles and financial and non-financial challenges as well as high ability to adopt new service management scheme of Sainsbury helps it to maintain its competitive position in the worldwide finance function industry. References Augustin, J., (2011). Management Accounting at J Sainsbury Plc. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Bangemann, T., O., (2005). Shared Services in Finance and Accounting. USA: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Bonham, A., Langdon, K., (2013). Finance: Fast Track to Success ePub eBook. UK: Pearson Inc. Chiu, D., K.,W., (2012). Theoretical and Analytical Service-Focused Systems Design and Development. USA: IGI Global. Davidson, L., (2013). Three Common Financial Challenges And How To Overcome Them. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/financialfinesse/2013/08/29/three-common-financial-challenges-and-how-to-overcome-them/ Graham, J., Smart, S., (2011). Introduction to Corporate Finance: What Companies Do. USA: Cengage Learning. Ittner, C., Larcker, D., (2000). Non-Financial Performance Measure: What Works And What Doesnt. Retrieved from: https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/non-financial-performance-measures-what-works-and-what-doesnt/ Jackson, S., Sawyers, R., Jenkins, G., (2008). Managerial Accounting: A Focus on Ethical Decision Making. USA: Cengage Learning. John Graham, Scott Smart (2011). Introduction to Corporate Finance: What Companies Do. USA: Cengage Learning. J Sainsbury plc, (2015). Annual report and financial statements 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/investor-centre/reports/2014/annual-report-and-financial-statements-2014/ Karunakar Patra (2006). Accounting and Finance for Managers. India: Sarup Sons. Malcolm Prowle, Eric Morgan (2005). Financial Management and Control in Higher Education. UK: Psychology Press. Matt Bamber, Simon Parry (2014). Accounting and Finance for Managers: A Decision-Making Approach. USA: Kogan Page Publishers. Megginson, W., Smart, S., (2008). Introduction to Corporate Finance, Abridged Edition. USA: Cengage Learning. Paul M. Collier, Sam Aguei-Ampomah (2005). Management Accounting-Risk and Control Strategy. USA: Elsevier. Sherman, E., H., (2011). Finance and Accounting for NonFinancial Managers: EBook Edition. USA: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Siciliano, (2003). Finance For The Non-Financial Manager. USA: Tata McGraw- Hill Inc. Pandey, I., M., (2009). Financial Management. India: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.

The Poetry Of A. E. Housman Essays (867 words) - A. E. Housman

The Poetry of A. E. Housman Housman was born in Burton-On-Trent, England, in 1865, just as the US Civil War was ending. As a young child, he was disturbed by the news of slaughter from the former British colonies, and was affected deeply. This turned him into a brooding, introverted teenager and a misanthropic, pessimistic adult. This outlook on life shows clearly in his poetry. Housman believed that people were generally evil, and that life conspired against mankind. This is evident not only in his poetry, but also in his short stories. For example, his story, "The Child of Lancashire," published in 1893 in The London Gazette, is about an child who travels to London, where his parents die, and he becomes a street urchin. There are veiled implications that the child is a homosexual (as was Housman, most probably), and he becomes mixed up with a gang of similar youths, attacking affluent pedestrians and stealing their watches and gold coins. Eventually he leaves the gang and becomes wealthy, but is attacked by the same gang (who don't recognize him) and is thrown off London Bridge into the Thames, which is unfortunately frozen over, and is killed on the hard ice below. Housman's poetry is similarly pessimistic. In fully half the poems the speaker is dead. In others, he is about to die or wants to die, or his girlfriend is dead. Death is a really important stage of life to Housman; without death, Housman would probably not have been able to be a poet. (Housman, himself, died in 1937.) A few of his poems show an uncharacteristic optimism and love of beauty, however. For example, in his poem "Trees," he begins: "Loveliest of trees, the cherry now Hung low with bloom along the bow Stands about the woodland side A virgin in white for Eastertide" ...and ends: "Poems are made by fools like me But only God can make a tree." (This is a popular quotation, yet most people don't know its source!) Religion is another theme of Housman's. Housman seems to have had trouble reconciling conventional Christianity with his homosexuality and his deep clinical depression. In "Apologia pro Poemate Meo" he states: "In heaven-high musings and many Far off in the wayward night sky, I would think that the love I bear you Would make you unable to die [death again] Would God in his church in heaven Forgive us our sins of the day, That boy and man together Might join in the night and the way." I think that the sense of hopelessness and homosexual longing is unmistakable. However, these themes went entirely over the heads of the people of Housman's day, in the early 1900s. The best known collection of Housman's poetry is A Shropshire Lad, published in 1925, followed shortly by More Poems, 1927, and Even More Poems, 1928. Unsurprisingly, most collections have the same sense and style. They could easily be one collection, in terms of stylistic content. All show a sense of the fragility of life, the perversity of existence, and a thinly veiled homosexual longing, in spite of the fact that many of the poems apparently (but subliminally?) speak of young women. It is clear from these works that women were only a metaphor for love, which in Housman's case usually did not include the female half of society. More Poems contains perhaps the best statement of Housman's philosophy of life, a long, untitled poem (no. LXIX) with oblique references to the town of his birth, Burton-on-Trent, and statements like: "And while the sun and moon endure Luck's a chance, but trouble's sure..." Indeed, how much more pessimistic can one be? Not only a poet and storyteller, Housman was a noted classical scholar. He is known for his extensive translations of the Greek classics, especially Greek plays by Euripides and Sophocles. Unfortunately, the bulk of his manuscripts were lost in a disastrous fire in his office at Oxford, which was caused by a lit cigar falling into a stack of papers. There were rumors that Housman was hidden in a closet with a young boy at the time, and therefore did not see the fire in his own office until it was too late to extinguish it. The Trustees of the college, however, managed to squelch the rumors, and Housman's academic tenure was not threatened by the incident.

The Odessy essays

The Odessy essays An epic hero is a larger than life figure who embodies the ideals of a nation or race. Epic heros take part in long dangerous adventures and accoplish great deeds, requireing great courage and super human strength. In my opinion I don't think that Odysseus is an epic hero. He isn't an epic hero because the only quality he has is great courage and that isn't much. He didn't save anybody, he cheated on his wife and almost got imself killed. In book 9 Odysseus and his men land on the island of the Cyclopes. They spot a cave and they decide to go and explore it. They find cheeses and pens crowded with lambs. His crew suggests that they take the things and run, but Odysseus was stubborn and styaed in the cave. Odysseus loses two men to the cyclopes. When he eventually outsmarts the cyclopes and gets out of the cave. He yells from his ship and makes fun of the cyclops. The cyclopes then picks up a boulder and throws it at the ship misses and a huge wave sends them almost all the way back to the shore. In the next book, book 10, Odysseus lands on the island of the goddess Circe. He sends half of his men to go and explore the island. The men found a house with wolves and mountain lions that acted like house pets. They entered the great hall , and were fed and seated in lounging chairs. She gave them wine that made them turn into animals. When this happened Eurylochus went back and told Odysseus what happened and said that they should leave and not to go back for the others. Odysseus should have listened to Eurylochus because she made them forget of home and that was another year they spent fooling around. Then in book 12 Odysseus is faced with a challenge. He has to make a choice between Scylla the sea monster that look s like a dragon with 6 heads, or Charybdis the toliet bowl monster. If he chose Scylla the he would lose 6 of his men for sure, if he chose Charybdis then he would either lose all or none of his men inckuding h ...

Basant A Lost Festival Of Lahore English Literature Essay

Basant A Lost Festival Of Lahore English Literature Essay Basant, an event that marks the coming of spring, an event that would bring together people from all walks of life, an event that would cover the sky with colors, an event that would spread happiness ubiquitously. It was celebrated with a lot of vigor, passion and enthusiasm in Punjab, but unfortunately this vibrant and full of cheerfulness festival is becoming more of an historic event due to some unwise acts on part of illiterate, ignorant and reckless citizens. The ignorance of few has snatched away the happiness of million others and deprived the country of a great cultural festival. Basant is a centuries old cultural tradition of Punjab. Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, all alike, celebrated it with great joy and gusto. Yellow is the color of the day as it depicts the blossoming spring flowers and the yellow mustard fields of Punjab. Girls would wear yellow saris and dupattas whereas boys would include yellow turbans in their clothing. There are no barriers of religions or different socio-economic class; everyone would get together and praise the day. Girls would get on the swings and sing the customary Basant songs that reflected the liveliness and romance of life in Punjab. Kite-flying was one of the main activities on the day and there would be competitions among people to cut loose others’ kites. There cant be a better place to celebrate this day than the cultural and historic capital of Punjab, Lahore. It is also known as extremely festive and the most happening city of Pakistan. During the February of almost every year the sky above Lahore is filled with colorful kites during daytime and with white kites at night. Words like Booo Kata, Patang, Pecha, Pinna and Charkhi can be heard almost everywhere. Music and dance is everywhere and the air is filled with the aroma of intoxicating traditional food. Everyone is involved in this festival and all enjoy the spectacle of hundreds of multi-colored kites filling the sky above their beloved city of Lahore heralding the coming of a new spring. In the early days Basant was confined to the old-walled city, however over recent past it has spread to far corners of the city as well. People from different places celebrate this day in their unique style; some do it by flying kites while others get together and enjoy traditional food and bhangra music. While I was researching about Basant in Gwalmandi (area near old food street), I interviewed this young lad about the age of 15. I asked him what do you know about basant. He replied..† jab hum patangein uratay hein..† (the day when we fly kites). When I asked him about his preparations for that day, I was surprised to hear about his passion. He told me that he would start saving money from his pocket money 2-3 months before Basant. He would use those savings to buy kites and strings and collect them until the day of Basant. It is celebrated with great joy in Lahore, as Daily Times states:

Common law and equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Common law and equity - Essay Example Equity was developed in order to overcome the inadequacies of common law. Equitable remedies are available in a number of areas where common law is either incapable of providing justice or is not faultless in providing justice to the individuals. The main purpose of equity jurisdiction is to support the existing laws. Equity was developed to propose principles that are either ignored by common law or not formally accepted in that set of law. Moreover, equity proposes certain remedies that are unavailable in common law. In certain circumstance, common law decisions or remedies are insufficient to provide justice to the innocent (Hudson, 2009). For instance, in the matters involving mortgages, where the lenders are to a piece of land as a security of the loan granted, the principles in equity and common law greatly distinguish from each other. Let’s assume that Angelina grants a loan of $5,000 to Joseph, after considering a piece of land as a security that worth $8,000. Accordin g to the contract, the land in question would be legally transferred on the name of the lender (Angelina), on the terms that she would retransfer the land on Josephs name if he repays the loan in the specified time. If Joseph fails to repay the loan in the specified time, common law gives no entitlement to Joseph for the land that was conveyed and the duty to repay the loan still exists. However, equity practices such situations in a different and more reasonable manner. According to the rules of equity, Joseph would be given another chance to repay the loan in a new specified time. If Joseph still fails to repay, the land which was let for security will be sold and the loan will be repaid. The additional amount would be given to Joseph as it belongs to him. It is not just the matters of mortgages where equity provides a more reasonable and just decision but it also works better in many other areas. Equity and common law are not only different in terms of laws and

Fiat Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Fiat - Assignment Example There are many reasons such as inflation, increased competitiveness from Japanese and Korean manufacturers, the emergence of low cost Asian manufacturers, change in policies and the global crisis. As a result, huge losses have been faced in terms of sales and turnover. There are many internal issues as well that have added to the existing problem of Fiat. This can be handled by identifying the key opportunities. The transformation of opportunities into strengths is the need of Fiat to come out from the crisis. Legal and consumer trends are looking for green technology and gas- efficient cars. This can be a major advantage for Fiat as it has always been addressing environmental concerns. In this report, an analysis of all such areas has been done which have contributed towards the decline of the Fiat’s performance and ranking in the automotive industry. The aim is to figure out the problematic areas where change and direction is required. In the first section, the background of the company is discussed. The external factors such as economic or technological which are the major indicators of growth or decline in any industry are evaluated to understand the current market trends and situation. The major challenges faced by Fait group are outlined keeping in mind its strengths and weaknesses. In the end, recommendations are given in the form of solutions that must be incorporated in the company’s strategy to address the major areas of concern. Company Background: Fiat is one of the founders of European Automotive Industry and has a history of more than 100 years. The acronym of FIAT is Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino. It was established on the eleventh of July 1899 by a group of investors and has its headquarters in Turin, Italy. Today, it has been operating in more than 61 countries with 1,063 companies. It has diversified into a pool of industries and has been designing and selling cars, trucks, construction & agriculture equipment, engines, mil itary vehicles, aviation etc. At the time of its inception, Giovanni Agnelli, one of the members of the Board of Directors, stood out and was known as the company’s innovator and mastermind. He had a great strategic vision and determination to make the company highly successful. Due to his utmost efforts along with the other members of the company, Fiat gained recognition at a very early stage and it is said to produce more than 10% percent of Italy’s GDP. In 1900, the first factory was opened in Carso Dante with a workforce of 150 workers who produced 24 cars. As of 2009, only the domestic workforce has reached to 198,348 workers. It has a workforce of about 223,000 people. Out of which, 111,000 are outside Italy. Fiat logo was designed in 1904 which has become a status symbol due to the superior and world-class cars manufactured by the company. During the First World War, it aimed at the production of munitions. With the rapid technological changes, developments were made at the railway sector, commercial vehicles etc. The year 1958 was marked as an economic boom for Italy which was facing a downfall due to the advent of the Second World War. The automobile sector also grew as it was the driving force for the Italian economy. Fiat experienced an increased production along with the exports from 1965 to 1977. In the year 1979, an independent automobile sector came into existence which was named as Fiat Auto S.P.A which included Fiat, Autobianchi, Ferrari, Abarth

Steps in the Fracking Process Essay Example for Free

Steps in the Fracking Process Essay Step 6: Once the drilling gets about 500 feet above the shale formation, a downhole drilling motor with sophisticated measuring instruments begins the angle drilling creating a new horizontal path into the shale formation. Step 6: Once the drilling gets about 500 feet above the shale formation, a downhole drilling motor with sophisticated measuring instruments begins the angle drilling creating a new horizontal path into the shale formation. Step 4: The cement and casing are then pressure tested to ensure hydrocarbons and other fluids don’t seep out. Step 4: The cement and casing are then pressure tested to ensure hydrocarbons and other fluids don’t seep out. Step 3: Cement is then poured into this tubing throughout, displacing any remaining fluids and securing the casing in place. Step 3: Cement is then poured into this tubing throughout, displacing any remaining fluids and securing the casing in place. Step 2: The drill pipe and bit are removed and a steel â€Å"surface casing† tube is inserted into the well which stabilizes the well sides, creating a barrier. Step 2: The drill pipe and bit are removed and a steel â€Å"surface casing† tube is inserted into the well which stabilizes the well sides, creating a barrier. Step 1: Vertical well begins to be drilled with a drill pipe and drill bit past the ground water level a few thousand feet down. Step 1: Vertical well begins to be drilled with a drill pipe and drill bit past the ground water level a few thousand feet down. Steps In The Fracking Process Step 5: Both the drill pipe and drill bit are put back into the well and the drilling continues. Another layer of casing and cement is added for a second permanent behavior. The whole vertical drilling process costs about $663,000 Step 5: Both the drill pipe and drill bit are put back into the well and the drilling continues. Another layer of casing and cement is added for a second permanent behavior. The whole vertical drilling process costs about $663,000 Step 10: bridge plugs are inserted behind the fractures and the perforating tool continues to move backwards in the well whiles plugs are inserted behind each puncture in the shale. The entire fracturing process takes about $2.5 million. Step 10: bridge plugs are inserted behind the fractures and the perforating tool continues to move backwards in the well whiles plugs are inserted behind each puncture in the shale. The entire fracturing process takes about $2.5 million. Step 11: Plugs are then removed once all of the horizontal well has been punctured and the gas flows to the top of the well. Step 11: Plugs are then removed once all of the horizontal well has been punctured and the gas flows to the top of the well. Although we weren’t able to find exact figures for each of the steps, we did find that the entire process from beginning to end costs about $7 million dollars. Although we weren’t able to find exact figures for each of the steps, we did find that the entire process from beginning to end costs about $7 million dollars. Step 7: Once the desired horizontal path is at the desired length, the drill pipe and bit are removed and the casing and cement layers continue to the end of the well. The whole horizontal drilling process costs about $1.2 million. Step 7: Once the desired horizontal path is at the desired length, the drill pipe and bit are removed and the casing and cement layers continue to the end of the well. The whole horizontal drilling process costs about $1.2 million. Step 9: The tool is removed and fracturing fluid enters the well. The sand creates fractures in the shale and the fluid leaves with the sand remains in the fractures allowing the gas to flow into the well. Step 9: The tool is removed and fracturing fluid enters the well. The sand creates fractures in the shale and the fluid leaves with the sand remains in the fractures allowing the gas to flow into the well. Step 8: A perforating tool is inserted creating holes in the shale layer allowing hydrocarbons to the well stream. Step 8: A perforating tool is inserted creating holes in the shale layer allowing hydrocarbons to the well stream.

Aquaculture and Shrimp Culture :: New Aquaculture Technology

Aquaculture in general and shrimp culture in particular have recently been developing strategies of super-intensive cultures without water exchange. This approach addresses environmental questions raised by both society and the scientific community regarding sustainable development concepts which demand a convergence of ecological prudence, economic efficiency and social equity in all human activities (Bailey, 1988; Brown, 1989; Pruder, 1992; Macintosh and Phillips, 1992; Kinkelin and Michel, 1992; Pe ´ rez, 1993; Currie, 1994; Primavera, 1994; Rosenthal, 1994; Larsson et al., 1995; Kestemont, 1995). Pioneer work such as Reid and Arnold (1992) and Williams et al. (1996) demonstrated that it is possible to produce shrimp at high density in raceway systems that use water recirculation. The recent progress made in the area of super-dense cultures, also known as ‘‘suspended-growth systems’’ (Hargreaves, 2006) and ‘‘active suspension ponds’’ (Avnimelech, 2006), reinforces the idea that it is possible to produce aquatic organisms in an intensive and especially bio-safe way. The absence of effluents, the reduction of utilized space, and the dramatic reduction of the introduction of infectious diseases, are the main criteria for justifying its development (McNeil, 2000; McAbee et al., 2003; Burford et al., 2003, 2004; Pruder, 2004; Sowers et al., 2005; Wasielesky et al., 2006; Azim and Little, 2008; De Schryver et al., 2008; Schveitzer et al., 2008). Although this relatively new aquaculture technology is still developing (De Schryver et al., 2008), important research efforts have been made with the objective of comprehending the physical, chemical and biological phenomena present in the water that dictate the dynamic of the cultures (Hopkins et al., 1993; Moss and Pruder, 1995; Sandifer and Hopkins, 1996; Davis and Arnold, 1998; Avnimelech, 1999; Browdy et al., 2001). Some studies suggest that shrimp culture in a closed system (without water exchange) can maintain water quality considered acceptable for these organisms (Thakur and Lin, 2003). Others suggest that the water quality, in spite of being ‘‘poor’’ due to the large quantity of nutrients that are accumulated over time, is sufficient to guarantee the growth and survival of the animals (Burford et al., 2003). Hargreaves (2006) criticizes the majority of studies regarding these so-called ‘‘suspended-growth systems’’, because they suggest that the role of the bacteria in reference to the maintenance and the improvement of the water quality is more i mportant than the phytoplankton metabolism. The importance that primary productivity has in the cultures (extensive, semi-intensive, polycultures, etc.) of different organisms is well-documented (Noriega-Curtis, 1979; Laws and Malecha, 1981; Chang and Ouyang, 1988; Yusoff and McNabb,

Human Trafficking – Sexual Slavery

The truth is, however, that not every human trafficking case is pulled from a Lima Nesses movie; any sexual enterprise involving foreign immigrants and underage girls regardless of whether or not it is voluntary is considered human trafficking (Baker, 2). In order to rid the world of this vulgar, damaging corporation that directly conflicts with the moral principles of freedom and self-worth, we must concentrate on spreading awareness, eradicating domestic violence and perfecting the law enforcement system.Summary If you were to meet Syrupy Chain, ;a chubby cheeked 18 year-old with an infectious laugh (Pasta,l)†, you would never guess that she was forced to have sex with hundreds of men before the age of 10. At Just seven years old, Chain was sold Into a Cambodia brothel, where she and dozens of other pre-pubescent girls were forced o have sex with at least 20 men a day (Nair) Syrupy was a victim of sexual slavery, like an estimated 12 million others worldwide.The business of b uying and selling humans is a 32 billion dollar global enterprise, and despite being illegal in virtually every country, twenty-seven million people are enslaved worldwide (Pasta, 3). Slavery, especially sexual slavery, deters natural relationships, encourages the objectification of women, prevents evolution from poverty and Isn't necessary for a country's financial or cultural survival. Sexual slavery has Its roots in family violence, power intro and monetary desperation.Though many countries such as Thailand, the unofficial child-sex capital, are attempting to crack down on the sex trade, ineffective law enforcement, financial incentives (the sex tourism industry makes millions a year in Cambodia alone) and lack of motivation prevents the industry from dying out all together (McClellan, 2). From China and Cambodia to Mexico, Sweden and our very own United States, the Sex Trafficking Industry Is rapidly escalating, becoming a major underground enterprise that crosses cultural bound aries and reiterates age- old gender struggles.Though human trafficking in the United States is a wildly ignored and taboo subject, 14,500-17,500 people are trafficked into the US annually and thousands of girls and boys are kidnapped or coerced Into different forms of slavery each year (Baker, 2). The CIA estimates that 30,000-50,000 of these trafficking victims are sex slaves (Landsman, 2) and the MGM, the Negotiation and Conflict Management Group, states that 100,000 children US children are victims of commercialese sex exploitation each year (Baker, 2).Many of these prostituted children are victims of domestic abuse, growing up in broken homes and depending on pimps as father surges. Pimps ensnare such young girls by gaining their trust, supplying the love that was devoid at home and utilizing the girl's new-found dependence to manipulate r Nine typical age AT a sex tracking volt Is plummeting; In ten past most girls were in their late teens or early ass's, but now the average g irl is from 12 to 14 years- old (Landsman, 6).The life of a US prostitute is wildly dangerous and harmful to the development of under-aged girls; the victims are put through strenuous mental and physical abuse by their financially motivated pimps, the recent demand for violent ND aggressive sex causing the occupation to become more damaging than ever (Landsman, 6). Often times, if these girls escape and return to their families, they aren't accepted back into their communities and the girls return to the only home they know – their pimp.Even when offered help by organizations such as GEMS (Girls Education and Mentoring Service), many victims slip back into â€Å"the life† due to their lack of confidence and dependence on their pimp. Because they were forced into the business at such a young age, it's their only way of supporting themselves (Very Young Girls). Each one of these factors prevents American sex slaves from rising to a good life that benefits society and pro ves that damaging effects of the US sex industry.While American trafficking is not as well publicized as its foreign counterparts, the entire enterprise reveals deep rooted issues such as domestic violence and poverty that prohibit demolishing the sex industry. Sex slavery is rampant in Asian countries such as Thailand and Cambodia, resulting in the sexual exploit of underage girls and debt-oriented imprisonment. Prostitution makes up 59-60% of Thailand government budget each year (McClellan, 1), whilst there Asian countries have numbers in similar ranges.Though trafficking laws are in place throughout the cotangent, the poverty and financial desperation of local authorities inhibits the prevention of such issues (McClellan, 4). Unlike America, Asian pimps and brothel owners rarely lure girls into their enterprises using charm or love, but rather prey on needy parents by offering Jobs in the city, a better life or sometimes Just a good deal (Luggage, 2). There are prostitutes in Cam bodia and 35% are minors (Landsman, 4).Boys and girls as young as infants are sold into sex slavery, where they are kept in miniscule, dungeon like rooms with remises of freedom at the completion of their contract. Children are often times forced to have sex dozens of times a day with strangers, burnt, cut and abused at the slightest mention of protest (Landsman, 4). Asian countries place an extremely high value on virginity, believing that intercourse with a virgin perpetuates youth and heals medical ailments (Luggage, 3).Unfortunately, this results in Sais's title as the child sex capital of the world.. The life expectancy of a prostitute in Cambodia is around twenty-eight, while 20% of the girls are HIVE positive, a statistic that cannot be reified since the majority of sex workers never get a blood test (McClellan, 4). The prostitutes, both child and adult, are nothing but commodities; they are so ubiquitous that they have become disposable and often killed when they cease to be useful (McClellan, 2).Due to this, Asia has huge gender imbalances, lack of financial opportunities for half of its people and little chance of rising from third-world status. From pedophilia to squalid conditions and absolute slavery, the Asian sex slavery system is one of the most dangerous and harmful worldwide. Though the Cambodia and Thai sex industry are well publicized in terms of brothels ND local men, sex tourism, â€Å"tourism organized with the primary purpose of facilitating the effecting of a commercial-sexual relationship with a child,† is a largely unreleased student (Song, 1).Every year, tonnages AT adults travel ten globe to sexually exploit children as young as 5 years old, while many more stumble upon such opportunities while traveling for business or pleasure (Nair). According to the International Labor Organization, countries such as Thailand, India and the Philippians report that 2 – 14% of their gross domestic product comes from sex tourism and other related fields (Nair). This horrible industry that includes 2 million children is ubiquitous in beautiful, well-traveled countries with widespread poverty (Song, 2).Young girls with desperate parents and lack of educational opportunities are often tricked or sold into the sex tourism industry with no idea what awaits the (Nair). Another major issue in ending sex tourism is the Internet; sellers and pimps can put online profiles of their victims, while foreign sex tourists can exchange locations, stories and tips (Nair). A mere Google search turns up horrific information on what awaits the average sex tourist in Thailand; meticulous details describing the co's and don't of the Patty Sex Scene.The website describes the dangers of trusting the women, wearing watches, giving them tips or treating them as anything less than whore's, while encouraging the adventurous sex tourist to experiment with gabbros and nude shows (so the buyer â€Å"knows what he's going to get†) and t ake extra cash to compensate for the unavoidable â€Å"sex-crazes† (wry. Mayhap. Com). Deeper exploration into the website reveals details on Soapy Massage Parlors, a Thai Sex Tourism Attraction that involves huge quantities of highly trained, pre-pubescent girls using their bodies to engage in a fantasy world of bubbles and sex Wyandotte. Mom). Though most sex industries remain within a single country o continental region, the sex tourism industry causes conflict between countries and changes the relationships that they would otherwise have had. The entire industry degrades females and children, abuses multicultural boundaries and continues the cycle of gender imbalances. Unlike American and Asian countries, Eastern Europe depends on promises a better future to lure potential victims into the sex trade. It is estimated by European Union Nations that there are over 500,000 women in prostitution in Europe (Kristin).Traffickers use fictional Jobs as models or nannies in the US to lure girls into the system, often times paying their own air fare and giving up their passports. In most cases the women are then held captive in transition countries such as Mexico, waiting to be moved into the United States and sold into sex slavery (Landsman, 2). Prostitution was very rare in the Soviet Union up until about 22 years ago, when the communist government fell and the country was cast into poverty (Landsman, 5). A a result, many young women turned to the prospects available in the US (Landless 2).Though many women were aware that prostitution could be involved in the opportunities offered, the glorified ideas of solicitation presented in movies like Pre Women (a top 10 movie in the area) shielded the truth of a horrid industry (Kristin). Once the girls were bought by a pimp they would have to be â€Å"broken in†. This is terrifying process used to mentally break down the girls' dignity and force them to resign too life of sex slavery. In many cases the child ren are locked in a basement squalid conditions, they are kept cold and starving, and they are beaten and raped their captors.Spherical items are forced down the little girls' throats to retract their gag reflex, and honey is put on John's penises as a training mechanism for girls undo ten age AT / (Linesman, 4) once ten gulls are phonically Ana mentally Drunken down they are ready to be transported to other locations for work (Landsman, 4). European trafficking is especially dangerous due to the unpredictability of victims, the danger it poses to inter-cultural relationships and the images it reiterates of women as second-class citizens.While Eastern European traffickers often kidnap and mislead their victims, Mexican imps, often known as â€Å"Los Lemons†, rely on charm and young women's desperation to find El Norte to lure them into the United States. Though in most other countries pimps work alone or in pairs, Mexican pimps work in larger family groups, selling and exchan ging with other well-known brothels and organizations (Landsman, 3). Los Lemons begin their training at the age of 12, when they are pulled out of school and given a girl of similar age to rape and pimp out.In such a family hierarchy system, the father or grandfather is in charge of the organizational aspects, while older sons and cousins hunt, kidnap and entrap victims (Landsman, 3). Los Lemons wait at bus stops and school dances, befriending young girls and pursuing them as suitors, much like American pimps enamored potential victims (Chin). After the initial introduction period, the results are thoroughly predictable – the girls are drugged, raped and taken to brothels in major cities like Tangoing, Mexico City or the United States (Landsmen, 3).However, these issues are constantly reiterating, as Mexican officials â€Å"see sex trafficking as a U. S. Problem† (Landsman, 4). Over the years, Mexican pimps have taken tips from European traffickers by setting up a sexu al introduction system. Young prostitutes (some of them as young as 4) are kept in underground stalls divided by frayed curtains, mentally abused by women and raped by cheap Johns in 15 minutes intervals for 20 hour a day (Landsman, 4). While the American system relies on simply having girls, Mexicans, like Europeans, depend on emotionally degrading and physically breaking them.Once the girls have completed their training, the most talented' are sold to American pimps or local tourist hot spots (Landsman, 4). Though many countries with prominent sex industries cater to Americans, Mexican slavery is an issue that must be taken seriously without placing he blame on American influence. Though the sex trafficking industry is an old and dangerous system, it can be compensated for through media coverage, careful police work and international policies.From Cambodia and Europe to Mexico and the United States, human trafficking ruins lives, destroys relationships, seals social stereotypes an d inhibits development from poverty. The tradition of women's bodies being traded and sold is a common one, but careful work can prevent it from continuing. Eventually, children will be able to attend school instead of brothels; women in 3rd world countries will e able to have Jobs and countries will be able to develop past a world where violence, trafficking and crime are the main forms of finances. Argue Prostitution and sexual slavery are common motifs in modern culture; from Grand Theft Auto and Blockbuster action films to dingy street corners and clothing styles, the sex trade is ever present in our world. Though most people accept that prostitution is wrong, it is hard to define why. The fact is that all people have the right to be free from slavery. The concept that one human can be owned by another disagrees with the principles that our country was founded on. Secondly, the sex industry is degrading to women and prevents the enslaved from developing as individuals.Though it may seem like a line straight from Opera's daily talk show, the truth is that all people have the right to confidence and a positive self-image. In reality, sex slavery prevents the development of individuals and societies due to its conflict with the basic moral principles of freedom and self worth. Among the undeniable human rights imposed on all people is the right to freedom. All over the world, millions of men and women are being denied their essential right to freedom and being forced to work against their will.In the Declaration of Independence, the fundamental document that our country was founded on, the writers state that â€Å"†¦ We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Professor). † A huge flaw in the moral makeup of the sex industry is that, among the unalienable rights every person is granted are â€Å"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Such goals cannot be procured through the life of a slave, for whom the idea of pursuing their win dreams is almost as outlandish as the notion of freedom. Freedom and the triumph it brings are hugely important to the success of a nation. When people are given the creative license to think and thrive without being subordinate to another individual, society can develop new ideas and have a more successful population. While Socrates once said, an â€Å"unexamined life is not worth living† (Rosenberg, 21).Individuals who do not even have the means to examine their own lives have little chance to flourish. Therefore, the sex trade directly contrasts with the fundamental unman right of freedom and should be eliminated. Self esteem, defined as a realistic respect for yourself (dictionary. Com), is an essential right that all humans should have. Part of having a devoted sense of self worth is having the confidence to demand your rights, make your own choices about your body and stand strong in the face of adversity.The sexual, physical and mental manipulations of others, practices that are routine in the sex industry, are major catalysts in self esteem issues of under-age girls such as not valuing their bodies as their own and viewing them self as subordinate. In fact, the entire industry depends alertly on ten velum's Initially to anemia wages Ana Treetop, consulting themselves to unfair conditions and inhumane practices. Pimps repeatedly beat and rape girls until their self confidence is entirely shattered and they are ready to work, ensuring that their internal respect does not intervene with subordination.Confidence is key to achieving goals, continuing education and pursuing happiness, and as Robert Collier said, mirror chances of success in any undertaking can always be measured by your belief in yourself (Coppersmith). † People who achieve aret, hat trust their instincts and push boundaries ge t much further in the world than those that are ambivalent about their life and don't believe in themselves. Unfortunately, the sex industry and it's extremely merciless customs prevent girls from overcoming boundaries and burdens, their agony, and thriving as individuals.Just as lack of liberty prevents the development of a society, it is crucial to the success of society that girls are free, confident and able to thrive In reality, sex slavery prevents the development of individuals and societies due to its conflict with the basic moral principles of freedom and the right to self worth. Every day, millions of people are denied their freedom and fundamental rights, but unable to take charge and fight due to their depleted sense of self worth. This vicious cycle perpetuates sex slavery and prevents individuals from developing and reaching their aret, or full potential.The huge toll sex slavery is taking on the economies of various countries worldwide demonstrates the magnitude of su ch a crisis, and issues a silent plea of help to the general public. Eliminating the sex trade is an ambitious mission that may seem impossible but is so crucial to societal success that it cannot be swept under the rug. Though there are many sides of the human trafficking crisis, it is important to concentrate on three major categories; domestic violence, media and law enforcement. Domestic violence prohibits the development of self confidence and provides an initial incentive to Join the sex industry.Secondly, an unknown problem cannot be solved and it is thus vitally important to publicize the truths that ignored by the general public. Finally, employing a politically correct and moral legal system that prosecutes Johns and provides support for victims of sex slavery helps eradicate the remaining trafficking inns. By paying attention to family life, spreading information on the sex industry and utilizing proper legal systems the sex industry will be well on its way to abolition. Domestic violence, ever-present in poverty stricken regions of the US, is a huge contributor to the sex trafficking crisis.Just as self-worth aids success, women with low esteem due to family friction are much more likely to fall prey to pimps or manipulative men. Domestic abuse, which can be categorized as physical, sexual, mental or neglectful ill-treatment, drastically alters an individual's abilities to thrive. Common side effects of childhood abuse are often â€Å"fear, anxiety, depression, anger, hostility, inappropriate sexual behavior, poor self esteem, tendency toward substance abuse and difficulty with close relationships† (Farley) and thus inhibit the victim's ability to thrive.Individuals who cannot form normal relationships, who abuse substances, are sexually inappropriate and depressed tend to fall easy to pimps who provide relationship substitutes for such unstable individuals. After all, 95% of teenaged prostitutes were abused as children (Farley) and 60 milli on survivors live worldwide (Farley). I nuns, It Is crucial to laminate mostly violence Ana supply potential victims with the skills to cope with adversity and the self-confidence to stand up for themselves.An active social service system is essential to eliminating domestic violence; having a system to check in on children and families and place them in safe foster homes are necessary to end domestic violence. After all, 80% of girls in the foster system are sexually abused (CAW, Sex Trafficking) and attention to such placements helps prevent potential victims from entering the cycle and developing substance abuse issues, fear, anxiety and relationship problems.Another important step is training teachers to recognize the signs of abuse such as excessive sadness, sudden social anxiety, strange bruises and odd parental encounters (Helped). If teachers educate about family life in school and update social services on troubled children, potential victims can be removed from toxic envir onments before the develop the characteristics that aid the sex industry and prevent them for attaining a normal life. Finally, mandatory support groups for victims of domestic ill- treatment help girls mend their wounds and learn to develop the confidence the need to thrive.Overall, the keys to ending domestic violence lie in developing a comprehensive social service system and paying attention to victims who may need help. A huge obstruction to the demolition of the sex industry is the lack of media coverage the crisis receives. When a hundred people were asked details about human trafficking, 70% knew it existed but very few knew anything else, let alone that it's present in the US (CAW, Violence at Home). The truth is, sex slavery cannot be stopped until the American people are tuned into the reality of such a gruesome enterprise.Honestly, media and public speakers have a huge impact on the average American – A Million Little Pieces, the drug-addiction memoir of James Fre y, had hardly BE SPECIFIC sold 10 copies when Opera featured it in her monthly book club and before the end of the year the sales averaged $3. 8 million (Wyatt). Regardless of the legitimacy of the novel, it brought massive amounts of publicity to the drug crisis and was a pioneer in addiction honesty. In reality, media proves time and again to be a priceless tool that cannot be underestimated in the quest to end trafficking.Though television often portrays prostitutes as manipulative temptresses who sell homeless for their own financial gain, the truth is that most are frightened, underage girls who are sold, coerced or forced into the sex industry. In reality, the average new prostitute is 13 years old (Landsman) and 90% of prostituted women are managed by pimps (Beveling Gibe, 1987). And while that 10% of women may appear to work willingly, the truth is that the universal abuse of sex workers proves the fact that â€Å"sex slaves† and prostitutes† are often one in th e same.It is thus crucial that we utilize media to help end the sex crisis, initially by correcting the modern mage of prostitution in film and television. Instead of portraying them as willing, the reality of the sex industry should be shown in movies and TV shows alike. If CNN and BBC broadcasted sex trafficking cases and let the public know that many prostitutes are underage and working against their will, the entire enterprise would be more likely to condone? In addition to this, it is important that an overview of sex slavery be included in the high school Sex De classes.According to Benedict Berne, speaker at the Conference of World Affairs at CUE Boulder, the world should get to a place where ten not AT Dulling sex Is almost as Torrent as ten not AT segregating cocoons Day race† (CAW, Human Trafficking). Finally, it is crucial to supply media coverage on the truths of street life and ensure teenagers have a realistic perspective on the ordeal. Sadly, modern misconceptio ns that portray the street as a good life, causing an estimated 1. 6 million kids to run away from their troubled families (Determinate).Runaways act as a huge feeder to the sex industry, and 1/3 of all runaways turn to prostitution and pornography for survival within the first 48 hours (Thinkers). In order to demolish the sex industry, it is crucial to publicize the realities of sex slavery, develop in-school programs to spread awareness and prevent the runaway epidemic from increasing. Law enforcement plays a key role in the elimination of sex slavery. Even if every humanitarian group does all in their power to console SP victims and spread awareness, the trafficking system cannot be thoroughly eradicated without a comprehensive law enforcement system.The modern misconceptions that were previously discussed cause law enforcement officials to prosecute the victims and ignore the true perpetrators. Many people, including cops, see prostitution as consensual whilst the majority of su ch workers are underage and coerced into the business. This leads to unresponsive law enforcement systems that concentrate on the wrong aspects of the sex industry and prevent the admonishment of prostitution. A former victim of sex slavery, Rosetta Minified, reported that â€Å"cops didn't help, when they busted me with Johns they told the guys to ‘get the hell out of there' and put cuffs on me and laughed at me.They called me a bitchy and ‘a disease ridden crack head†(Hunter, 2). To avoid such miscommunication it is crucial that police are properly introduced to he sex industry and given strict orders on how to treat those under suspicion of solicitation. Teaching introduction courses to sexual slavery and solicitation would help police prosecute the real criminals who perpetuate the sex industry and prevent demolition. Secondly, it is vital that the protection laws for underage prostitutes are enforced and mandatory therapy programs need to be put in place for the girls to be enrolled in.The programs, which vary in details between countries, tend to orient around teaching the girls basic skills and redeveloping their self-esteem. In a Cambodia clinic for underage sex slaves, the recovery process revolves around â€Å"the girls living at the center, which is run by a former victim of sex slavery named Somali Mama, and attending a nearby school, as well as learning Job skills like sewing and hairstyling† (Nair). If local authorities require therapy programs for ex-prostitutes, it will help portray them as victims and prevent their re-entry into the business.Finally, establishing a system that protects underage sex slaves from being prosecuted is vital to ending the sex trade system. The fact that a twelve year-old having sex with a hairy year-old man is considered rape but if money is exchanged the girl, who would otherwise be considered a victim, is thrown in Jail is preposterous (Landsman, 21). Due to this situation's immoral param eters a Safe Harbor system was created under which the purchase of sex is illegal while the sale is not. The Safe Harbor act, originating in Sweden but spreading quickly worldwide, proved to be very successful.It has now spread to US states such as New York and Pennsylvania (Nair). Because of this, more legal concentration is put on prosecuting the Johns rather than the victims. Therefore, a major asset in ending the sex trade industry is through careful law enticement, tannery programs Ana creating a legal system Tanat prosecutes ten buyers of sex. Regardless of the state or country in question, worldwide sex trafficking is a major international issue that prevents the development of societies both financially and culturally.Until the sex industry crisis common knowledge to the average person, domestic violence is drastically reduced and the law enforcement system is effective and legitimate, the entire enterprise cannot be ended. This will give governments the accessory means to d eal with trafficking rings that pop up in the near future. Like Polio, small pox and other eradicated diseases, the sex industry will be simple keep under control even when new trafficking rings begin to develop.The sizeable goal of ending the sexual exploitation can be achieved with persistence, will power and motivation of the people. In order to rid the world of the human trafficking system, a damaging corporation that directly conflicts with the moral principles of freedom and self-worth, we must concentrate on spreading awareness, eradicating domestic violence and perfecting the law enforcement system. Sexual human trafficking, a multi-cultural enterprise whose financial value ranks in the billions and for whom violence and abuse are the norm, is a hugely undervalued crisis in America.